Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi

Li Hui; Bian Dongmei; Yao Jie

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11

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Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi

Li Hui

, Bian Dongmei, Yao Jie^*

Published in International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 1)

Received: 19 January 2026 Accepted: 3 February 2026 Published: 11 February 2026

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Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia (core body temperature < 36°C) in patients undergoing holmium laser lithotripsy for urinary stones and develop feasible preventive strategies. Methods: A total of 288 patients who underwent the procedure at Xijing Hospital between April and October 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into a hypothermia group (n=177) and a non-hypothermia group (n=111) based on intraoperative hypothermia occurrence. Univariate analysis was first conducted to screen for potential risk factors, with statistically significant variables (P < 0.05) further included in multivariate logistic regression. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all analyses, and the findings were intended to provide evidence-based guidance for nursing staff. Results: Univariate analysis showed 11 factors with statistical significance: patient gender, age, stone types, preoperative baseline body temperature, hemoglobin level, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, intraoperative positional change rate, irrigation fluid volume, intraoperative fluid input volume, and medical staff’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward thermal protection. Multivariate logistic regression identified four independent risk factors: patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume (all P < 0.05). Conclusion: Patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume are key contributors to increased intraoperative hypothermia risk during holmium laser lithotripsy. Strengthening intraoperative temperature management for high-risk patients is crucial to prevent hypothermia and improve postoperative recovery quality.

Published in	International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11
Page(s)	1-18
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2026. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Urolithiasis, Holmium Laser Fragmentation, Intraoperative Hypothermia, Influence Factor

References

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APA Style

Hui, L., Dongmei, B., Jie, Y. (2026). Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 12(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11

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ACS Style

Hui, L.; Dongmei, B.; Jie, Y. Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2026, 12(1), 1-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11

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AMA Style

Hui L, Dongmei B, Jie Y. Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2026;12(1):1-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11,
  author = {Li Hui and Bian Dongmei and Yao Jie},
  title = {Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20261201.11},
  abstract = {Objective: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia (core body temperature Methods: A total of 288 patients who underwent the procedure at Xijing Hospital between April and October 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into a hypothermia group (n=177) and a non-hypothermia group (n=111) based on intraoperative hypothermia occurrence. Univariate analysis was first conducted to screen for potential risk factors, with statistically significant variables (P Results: Univariate analysis showed 11 factors with statistical significance: patient gender, age, stone types, preoperative baseline body temperature, hemoglobin level, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, intraoperative positional change rate, irrigation fluid volume, intraoperative fluid input volume, and medical staff’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward thermal protection. Multivariate logistic regression identified four independent risk factors: patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume (all P Conclusion: Patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume are key contributors to increased intraoperative hypothermia risk during holmium laser lithotripsy. Strengthening intraoperative temperature management for high-risk patients is crucial to prevent hypothermia and improve postoperative recovery quality.},
 year = {2026}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi
AU  - Li Hui
AU  - Bian Dongmei
AU  - Yao Jie
Y1  - 2026/02/11
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
SP  - 1
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11
AB  - Objective: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia (core body temperature Methods: A total of 288 patients who underwent the procedure at Xijing Hospital between April and October 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into a hypothermia group (n=177) and a non-hypothermia group (n=111) based on intraoperative hypothermia occurrence. Univariate analysis was first conducted to screen for potential risk factors, with statistically significant variables (P Results: Univariate analysis showed 11 factors with statistical significance: patient gender, age, stone types, preoperative baseline body temperature, hemoglobin level, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, intraoperative positional change rate, irrigation fluid volume, intraoperative fluid input volume, and medical staff’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward thermal protection. Multivariate logistic regression identified four independent risk factors: patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume (all P Conclusion: Patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume are key contributors to increased intraoperative hypothermia risk during holmium laser lithotripsy. Strengthening intraoperative temperature management for high-risk patients is crucial to prevent hypothermia and improve postoperative recovery quality.
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Li Hui

School of Nursing, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China

http://orcid.org/0009-0003-5749-8778
Bian Dongmei

The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
Yao Jie

School of Nursing, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China

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APA Style

Hui, L., Dongmei, B., Jie, Y. (2026). Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences, 12(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11

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ACS Style

Hui, L.; Dongmei, B.; Jie, Y. Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. Sci. 2026, 12(1), 1-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11

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AMA Style

Hui L, Dongmei B, Jie Y. Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi. Int J Clin Exp Med Sci. 2026;12(1):1-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11,
  author = {Li Hui and Bian Dongmei and Yao Jie},
  title = {Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi},
  journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijcems.20261201.11},
  abstract = {Objective: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia (core body temperature Methods: A total of 288 patients who underwent the procedure at Xijing Hospital between April and October 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into a hypothermia group (n=177) and a non-hypothermia group (n=111) based on intraoperative hypothermia occurrence. Univariate analysis was first conducted to screen for potential risk factors, with statistically significant variables (P Results: Univariate analysis showed 11 factors with statistical significance: patient gender, age, stone types, preoperative baseline body temperature, hemoglobin level, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, intraoperative positional change rate, irrigation fluid volume, intraoperative fluid input volume, and medical staff’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward thermal protection. Multivariate logistic regression identified four independent risk factors: patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume (all P Conclusion: Patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume are key contributors to increased intraoperative hypothermia risk during holmium laser lithotripsy. Strengthening intraoperative temperature management for high-risk patients is crucial to prevent hypothermia and improve postoperative recovery quality.},
 year = {2026}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Risk Factors for Intraoperative Hypothermia in Patients Undergoing Holmium Laser Lithotripsy for Urinary Calculi
AU  - Li Hui
AU  - Bian Dongmei
AU  - Yao Jie
Y1  - 2026/02/11
PY  - 2026
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11
T2  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JF  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
JO  - International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medical Sciences
SP  - 1
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2469-8032
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijcems.20261201.11
AB  - Objective: This study aimed to identify factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia (core body temperature Methods: A total of 288 patients who underwent the procedure at Xijing Hospital between April and October 2025 were enrolled. They were divided into a hypothermia group (n=177) and a non-hypothermia group (n=111) based on intraoperative hypothermia occurrence. Univariate analysis was first conducted to screen for potential risk factors, with statistically significant variables (P Results: Univariate analysis showed 11 factors with statistical significance: patient gender, age, stone types, preoperative baseline body temperature, hemoglobin level, anesthesia duration, surgery duration, intraoperative positional change rate, irrigation fluid volume, intraoperative fluid input volume, and medical staff’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) toward thermal protection. Multivariate logistic regression identified four independent risk factors: patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume (all P Conclusion: Patient age, preoperative baseline body temperature, anesthesia duration, and irrigation fluid volume are key contributors to increased intraoperative hypothermia risk during holmium laser lithotripsy. Strengthening intraoperative temperature management for high-risk patients is crucial to prevent hypothermia and improve postoperative recovery quality.
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download